Examines Arctic marine ecosystems by discussing (1) the biological significance of ice and (2) the evolution of ecosystems in the Arctic region. (JN)

The coastal waters of the Beaufort Sea are covered with ice three-fourths of the year. These waters (during winter) are discussed by considering: consolidation of coastal ice; under-ice water; brine circulation; biological energy; life under the ice (including kelp and larger animals); food chains; and ice break-up. (JN)

Describes the operation and use of the scanning electron microscope as an important tool for ocean scientists. Numerous electron micrographs are included. (MA)

Numbers of port calls and oil spillage data by U.S. and foreign flag tankers for the years 1973-75 are provided. Major tanker-related oil spills in U.S. coastal waters are discussed. (CP)

Discusses research applications, specializations, and differences and similarities of land and sea life study. (MCO)

Estimates the amount of oil discharged into the ocean from various sources. The decomposition of oil, its long-term effects and case studies of particular oil spills are described. (CP)

Present technology and policy concerning the cleanup of oil spills on the open sea are presented. (CP)

Provides related information about hearing in fish, including the sensory stimulus of sound in the underwater environment, mechanoreceptors in fish, pressure perception and the swimbladder, specializations in sound conduction peculiar to certain fish families. Includes numerous figures. (CS)

Describes the structure of the equilibrium receptor system in cephalopods, comparing it to the vertebrate counterpart--the vestibular system. Relates the evolution of this complex system to the competition of cephalopods with fishes. (CS)

Discusses how surface-dwelling animals use the water surface as a mode of communication by making ripple signals while they swim about. Provides information about surfaces and surface waves, ripple communication in water striders, ripple signal characteristics, sensing and orienting, other modes of communication, and evolution of ripple…

Discusses differences between smell and taste, comparing these senses in organisms in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Describes the chemical environment underwater and in air, differences in chemoreceptors to receive stimuli, and the organs, brain, and behavior involved in chemoreception. (CS)

Discusses the nature and cause of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Includes toxic dinoflagellate ecology, taxonomy and life history, and chemistry of the toxins. Recent work with trace metals and directions of future research are also given. (MA)

Provides information regarding underwater vision. Includes a discussion of optically important interfaces, increased eye size of organisms at greater depths, visual peculiarities regarding the habitat of the coastal environment, and various pigment visual systems. (CS)

Describes electroreceptivity in fishes, including information on electric signals in water, electroreceptors, electric organs, electric sense in weak-electric fishes, electrolocation, electrocommunication, and evolutionary considerations. (CS)

Coastal ecosystems are the most highly productive in the world. This article discusses seagrasses, major coastal producers, and provides information on their ecology, productivity, position in food chains, and role in sediment stabilization. Recent attempts to restore seagrasses in areas of massive kills are described. (MA)