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Hansen, John; Sadler, Philip; Sonnert, Gerhard – Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 2019
The high school grade point average (GPA) is often adjusted to account for nominal indicators of course rigor, such as "honors" or "advanced placement." Adjusted GPAs--also known as weighted GPAs--are frequently used for computing students' rank in class and in the college admission process. Despite the high stakes attached to…
Descriptors: Grade Point Average, High School Students, Difficulty Level, Weighted Scores
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Traub, Ross E.; Rowley, Glenn L. – Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 1991
The idea of test consistency is illustrated, with reference to two sets of test scores. A mathematical model is used to explain the relative consistency and relative inconsistency of measurements, and a means of indexing reliability is derived using the model. Practical aspects of estimating reliability are considered. (TJH)
Descriptors: Mathematical Models, Test Reliability, True Scores
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Hambleton, Ronald K.; Jones, Russell W. – Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 1993
This National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME) instructional module compares classical test theory and item response theory and describes their applications in test development. Related concepts, models, and methods are explored; and advantages and disadvantages of each framework are reviewed. (SLD)
Descriptors: Comparative Analysis, Educational Assessment, Graphs, Item Response Theory
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Harris, Deborah – Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 1989
This instructional module discusses the one-, two-, and three-parameter logistic item response theory (IRT) models. Mathematical formulas are given for each model and they are compared, with figures illustrating the effects of changing parameters. A single data set is used to demonstrate the effects of changing parameter values. (SLD)
Descriptors: Comparative Analysis, Equations (Mathematics), Estimation (Mathematics), Instructional Materials
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Cook, Linda L.; Eignor, Daniel R. – Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 1991
This paper provides the basis for understanding score equating through item response theory (IRT). Theoretical justifications and practical advantages of IRT true-score test procedures are discussed. Three steps in the equating process are specified, and a self-test is included. (SLD)
Descriptors: Equated Scores, Equations (Mathematics), Item Response Theory, Mathematical Models
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Brennan, Robert L. – Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 1992
The framework and procedures of generalizability theory are introduced and illustrated in this instructional module that uses a hypothetical scenario involving writing proficiency. Generalizability analyses are useful for understanding the relative importance of various sources of error and for designing efficient measurement procedures. (SLD)
Descriptors: Analysis of Variance, Data Interpretation, Equations (Mathematics), Error of Measurement
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Jaeger, Richard M. – Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 1991
Issues concerning the selection of judges for standard setting are discussed. Determining the consistency of judges' recommendations, or their congruity with other expert recommendations, would help in selection. Enough judges must be chosen to allow estimation of recommendations by an entire population of judges. (SLD)
Descriptors: Cutting Scores, Evaluation Methods, Evaluators, Examiners
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Harvill, Leo M. – Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 1991
This paper discusses standard error of measurement (SEM), the amount of variation or spread in the measurement errors for a test, and gives information needed to interpret test scores using SEMs. SEMs at various score levels should be used in calculating score bands rather than a single SEM value. (SLD)
Descriptors: Definitions, Equations (Mathematics), Error of Measurement, Estimation (Mathematics)