The literature has amply shown that primary and secondary school students have difficulties in understanding rational number size. Many of these difficulties are explained by the natural number bias or the use of other incorrect reasoning such as gap thinking. However, in many studies, these types of reasoning have been inferred from comparing…

Numbers and operations is widely considered the most essential domain in elementary school grades. Nevertheless, elementary students in Indonesia have consistently performed unsatisfactorily on this domain in several international mathematics assessments. This study examined 308 Indonesian sixth grade students' current performance(s),…

Mathematics plays a significant role in many study programs. However, several studies show deficiencies and a decline in beginning undergraduates' skills in mathematics in many content domains. However, it remains unclear whether they have improved in so-called process competencies like modeling, mathematical reasoning, or using different…

Language as a cultural element influences Aboriginal pupils' mathematic performance. This study examines the utility of oral test in native language for computation and word problem mathematics items using score comparability. The sample includes 230 Grade 5 Orang Asli pupils from eight Malaysian primary schools in two states. By employing…

Retrieving information from memory can--under many circumstances--strengthen one's memory of the retrieved information itself. The strategic use of retrieval to enhance memory and help long-term retention is known as retrieval practice. However, it is unclear whether its effect also holds true in the case of learning mathematics. This research is…

Using a cluster randomized trial, we investigated the effects of mathematics professional development on student achievement in elementary schools. Pairs of schools were matched on prior mathematics; percentage of students receiving free or reduced-price lunch and percentage of limited English proficient students were randomly assigned to two…

This mixed-method study aims to explore the feasibility of using the game-based, multimodal representation of mathematical problems to support middle school students' practice and performance of math problem representation and solving. A three-dimensional architectural simulation game, called E-Rebuild, was developed to engage students in…

We investigated French primary school teachers' assessment practice in mathematics. Using an online questionnaire on teachers' background, teaching, and grading practice, we were able to determine assessment profiles of 604 primary school teachers. As evidenced by the teachers' scores on the latent factors Assessment purposes, Assessment…

Research on number sense presents contradictory arguments and results regarding the effects of context-based tasks and activities on students' number sense. The aim of this study was to examine fourth-grade elementary school students' number sense as they solve context-based (CB) and non-context-based (NCB) items. A survey design was employed and…

We focus on teachers' ways of leading whole class discussions (WCDs) in mathematics, with the goal of uncovering their traces (if any) in their students' responses (a) while participating in the WCDs and (b) in the written responses in a final test. For this purpose, two 8th-grade probability classes learning a 10-lesson unit with different…

National and international large-scale assessments of mathematics show that, in most nations, males achieve better results than females and Italy is one of the countries with a greater gap. Many research studies in mathematics education have analysed this issue, using both quantitative and qualitative methods to understand the sources and…

Using data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2015 assessment of fourth-grade students in 32 countries, a series of mean comparisons and regression analyses were conducted to determine (1) the gender gap in students' self-concept in mathematics; (2) to what extent student achievement, student gender, and…

Covariational reasoning (or the coordination of two dynamically changing quantities) is central to secondary STEM subjects, but research has yet to fully explore its applicability to elementary and middle-grade levels within various STEM fields. To address this need, we selected a globally referenced STEM assessment--the Trends in International…

Students' socioeconomic status (SES) is not only directly related to mathematics achievement but also indirectly related to mathematics achievement through their unequal opportunity to learn (OTL). Despite a plethora of studies about how mathematics achievement is associated with SES and OTL, few systematic studies have examined the differential…

Confidence assessment (CA) involves students stating alongside each of their answers a confidence rating (e.g. 0 low to 10 high) to express how certain they are that their answer is correct. Each student's score is calculated as the sum of the confidence ratings on the items that they answered correctly, minus the sum of the confidence ratings on…