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Ryan, Michael P. – 1975
It sometimes happens that one is unable to recall a word or name that he feels he knows very well. This state of frustrated recall is referred to as a tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experience. Two experiments were devised to compare the ability of a weak trace and a decoding-failure model to predict the conditions under which TOT reports would be most…
Descriptors: Cognitive Style, Higher Education, Learning Processes, Learning Theories

Ryan, Michael P. – 1976
People sometimes forget a name or a word, and are plagued by the feeling that the sought-for word is somewhere in memory but not immediately available. The frequent description of this tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon as subthreshold memory traces is challenged by data showing that TOT genesis and TOT recovery are distinct processes. In a verbal…
Descriptors: Cognitive Style, Cues, Higher Education, Learning Processes

Pressley, Michael; Levin, Joel R. – Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1977
In this study, the self-reported strategies of fifth, seventh, and ninth grade subjects used to learn a list of paired associates were correlated with actual learning performance to test the hypothesis that proficient learners are elaborators. (Author/SB)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Processes, Cognitive Style, Elementary School Students