In this paper, we adopted an information-processing perspective to examine the relationship between cognitive engagement and students' performance in a simulation-based training environment. In particular, we examined what forms of cognitive engagement students used while diagnosing virtual patients and whether engagement forms predicted students'…

Students process qualitatively and quantitatively different information during the dynamic self-regulated learning (SRL) process, and thus they may experience varying cognitive load in different SRL behaviors. However, there is limited research on the role of cognitive load in SRL. This study examined students' cognitive load in micro-level SRL…

This study examined the relationships between clinical reasoning behaviors and diagnostic efficiency in the context of diagnosing a virtual patient in BioWorld, a technology-rich environment designed for medical students to practice clinical reasoning skills. Eighty-two medical students who correctly solved a patient case with Diabetes Mellitus…

Monitoring one's learning activities is a key component of self-regulated learning (SRL) leading to successful learning and performance outcomes across settings. Achievement emotions also play an important part in SRL and consequently student learning outcomes. However, there is little research on how specific types of monitoring (i.e.…

Prior research has focused extensively on how emotion tendencies (e.g., duration, frequency, intensity, and valence) affect students' performance, but little is known about emotion variability (i.e., the fluctuations in emotion states) and how emotion variability affects performance. In this paper, emotion variability was examined among 21 medical…

Academic emotions play an important and complex role in self-regulated learning (SRL). However, few studies have examined how academic emotions unfold in different phases of SRL and how the changes in these emotions influence learning performance. The current study examines 98 students' academic emotion trajectories and profiles across the three…

This study examined how task complexity affected the temporal characteristics of self-regulated learning (SRL) behaviours in clinical reasoning. Eight-eight (N = 88) medical students participated in this study. They were required to diagnose two virtual patients of varying complexity in BioWorld, an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) designed to…

Computer-supported scaffolding plays a pivotal role in advancing problem-solving skills and improving cognitive learning outcomes in self-regulated learning. However, there is limited research on the effectiveness of different types of scaffolds and the role they play in the context of clinical problem-solving. This study performed latent profile…

Achievement goals are motivational antecedents which play an important role in students' self-regulated learning (SRL). Achievement goals are also found to have an influence on students' learning outcomes. However, how achievement goals and SRL jointly affect learning performance is still an underexplored area of research, especially in…

Background: Medical students use a variety of self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies in different medical reasoning (MR) processes to solve patient cases of varying complexity. However, the interplay between SRL and MR processes is still unclear. Objectives: This study investigates how self-regulated learning (SRL) and medical reasoning (MR)…

This study examines the temporal co-occurrences of self-regulated learning (SRL) activities and three types of knowledge (i.e., task information, domain knowledge, and metacognitive knowledge) of 34 medical students who solved two tasks of varying complexity in a computer-simulated environment. Specifically, we explored how task complexity…

Background: Computer-based scaffolding has been intensively used to facilitate students' self-regulated learning (SRL). However, most previous studies investigated how computer-based scaffoldings affected the cognitive aspect of SRL, such as knowledge gains and understanding levels. In contrast, more evidence is needed to examine the effects of…

Facilitating the collaboration of multiple groups is a critical element in problem-based learning (PBL). In face-to-face learning environments, PBL facilitators require sufficient information about a group's progress and collaboration in real time to make decisions about when and how to facilitate. The capacity of facilitator is limited as PBL…

Emotion variability and its relationship to performance is an underexplored area of research both inside and outside the realm of medical education. We address this gap by examining the relative importance of the frequency of emotions and emotion variability that occurred in specific phases of self-regulated learning (SRL) in predicting students'…

I first met Jim Greer at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Syntheses of Instructional Sciences and Computing Science for Effective Instructional Computing Systems in 1990 in Calgary, Canada. It was during this meeting that I came to realize that Jim was one of those rare individuals that could help "translate" computer science…