Describes the propaganda techniques used by ecclesiastical authorities in the Middle Ages. Argues that emerging monarchies of the period transformed these techniques to their own use and thus contributed to the birth of nationalisms. (MS)

Contends that the belief in saints did not emerge spontaneously. Traces a consistent ecclesiastical propaganda campaign aimed at communicating the character, powers, and importance of saints. Calls this the oldest, most enduring, effective propaganda campaign in the Western world prior to the invention of the press. (PD)