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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Formation of Long-Term Reward Memories and Extinction Memories in the Honeybee ("Apis Mellifera")
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Eisenhardt, Dorothea – Learning & Memory, 2014
The honeybee ("Apis mellifera") has long served as an invertebrate model organism for reward learning and memory research. Its capacity for learning and memory formation is rooted in the ecological need to efficiently collect nectar and pollen during summer to ensure survival of the hive during winter. Foraging bees learn to associate a…
Descriptors: Entomology, Rewards, Memory, Learning Processes
Learning during Stressful Times
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Shors, Tracey J. – Learning & Memory, 2004
Stressful life events can have profound effects on our cognitive and motor abilities, from those that could be construed as adaptive to those not so. In this review, I discuss the general notion that acute stressful experience necessarily impairs our abilities to learn and remember. The effects of stress on operant conditioning, that is, learned…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Operant Conditioning, Helplessness, Classical Conditioning
The Biological Basis of Learning and Individuality.
Kandel, Eric R.; Hawkins, Robert D. – Scientific American, 1992
Describes the biological basis of learning and individuality. Presents an overview of recent discoveries that suggest learning engages a simple set of rules that modify the strength of connection between neurons in the brain. The changes are cited as playing an important role in making each individual unique. (MCO)
Descriptors: Biology, Classical Conditioning, Cognitive Processes, Definitions