Data suggest that verbal coding of visual stimuli has its primary effect on recognition memory via increased rehearsal efficiency in short-term memory. (Authors)

The results of four experiments show that (a) recall superiority over recognition is reversed by the use of unrelated word pairs in the study list, and (b) the reversal of recall superiority leaves intact the phenomenon of recognition failure of recallable words. (Editor)

Recent research has suggested that the use of the shift effect as a measure of encoding is critically dependent upon its properties as a psychological phenomenon. Examines this interrelation in light of data from a simple experiment. (Author/RK)

Tulving and Thomson's encoding specificity effect was examined as a function of grammatical class and concreteness of the cues. (Editor)

This research has three purposes: 1) to determine whether subjects instructed to study silently in a free-recall experiment engage in associative encoding, 2) to test the validity of associative ability as an individual difference variable, 3) to test for an interaction between presentation rate and associative reaction time. (Editor/RK)

Discusses two propositions about the preliminary stages of acoustic analysis and encoding in the absence of focal attention. (Editor/RK)

This series of experiments was designed to evaluate a model of picture and word encoding. The primary assumptions are that both sensory and semantic codes can be activated for both pictures and words but the relative order of access to phonemic information is different for the two types of representation. (Editor/RK)

Three experiments were performed to determine if the use of an organizational strategy influenced free-recall performance more than did the degree of semantic elaboration. (Editor)

Three experiments were conducted in an attempt to develop an account of information loss based on the relationships among events occurring at input, during a retention interval, and at output. (Editor)

The purpose of the present paper was to examine and describe the early state of the art of the development of theories of retrieval, one of the important objectives of research on memory. (Author/RK)

This research tested the hypothesis that grouping has adverse effects on the recall of tactual shapes but facilitates the recall of tactual letters on the assumption that this depends on different processes. A further question was the relation of grouping to letter recall span (set-size).

These experiments consider similarities and differences between classifications of pictorial and verbal stimuli in order to investigate whether the kinds of information used differ depending on the stimulus class. Three hypotheses regarding the information used in picture and word classification were evaluated. (Author/RK)

This research examines how pictures differ from sentences on important memory dimensions, with specific reference to Bransford and Franks (1971). (Author/RK)

Investigates whether imagery and verbal encoding use different processing mechanisms and attempts to discover whether the processes underlying the use of imagery to retain words are also involved in like-modality perception. (Author/RK)