In this paper, we describe two empirical studies that demonstrate the application and modeling of keystroke logs in writing assessments. We illustrate two different approaches of modeling differences in writing processes: analysis of mean differences in handcrafted theory-driven features and use of large language models to identify stable personal…

Understanding language requires readers and listeners to cull meaning from fast-unfolding messages that often contain conflicting cues pointing to incompatible ways of interpreting the input (e.g., "The cat was chased by the mouse"). This article reviews mounting evidence from multiple methods demonstrating that cognitive control plays…