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Marsh, Herbert W.; Ludtke, Oliver; Nagengast, Benjamin; Trautwein, Ulrich; Morin, Alexandre J. S.; Abduljabbar, Adel S.; Koller, Olaf – Educational Psychologist, 2012
Classroom context and climate are inherently classroom-level (L2) constructs, but applied researchers sometimes--inappropriately--represent them by student-level (L1) responses in single-level models rather than more appropriate multilevel models. Here we focus on important conceptual issues (distinctions between climate and contextual variables;…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Classroom Environment, Educational Research, Research Design
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Plenty, Stephanie; Heubeck, Bernd G. – Educational Research and Evaluation, 2011
Most traditional models of academic motivation focus on a small number of specific factors. However, the Student Motivation and Engagement Scale (MES) (Martin, 2007b) includes a fairly comprehensive range of perspectives on general student motivation. The current study set out (a) to provide an independent test of the proposed 11-factor structure…
Descriptors: Mathematics Achievement, Factor Structure, Student Motivation, Foreign Countries