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Cromer, Ward – Journal of Educational Psychology, 1970
Four models for accounting for reading difficulties are described: defect, deficit, disruption, and difference. Poor readers fitting two of these (difference and deficit) are compared with each other and with good readers. (Author)
Descriptors: Associative Learning, Models, Reading Difficulty, Reading Skills

Katz, Leonard; Baldasare, John – Journal of Educational Psychology, 1983
Phonological coding in printed-word recognition in English was studied by examining the use made of syllable information by skilled and less skilled readers in the second grade and by adults. The results are discussed in terms of an interactive model of reading. (Author/PN)
Descriptors: Adults, Association (Psychology), Associative Learning, Comparative Analysis