A response model that is able to detect guessing behaviors and produce unbiased estimates in low-stake conditions using timing information is proposed. The model is a special case of the grade of membership model in which responses are modeled as partial members of a class that is affected by motivation and a class that responds only according to…

Presents a method for handling educational data in which students belong to more than one unit at a given level, but there is missing information on the identification of the units to which students belong. The method, which involves setting up a cross-classified model, is illustrated with longitudinal data on students' progress in English. (SLD)