Validation studies of learning hierarchies usually examine whether task relationships posited a priori are confirmed by student learning data. This method was compared with a non-posited task relationship where all possible task relationships were generated and investigated. A learning hierarchy in a seventh grade mathematics study reported by…

Many writers have suggested that comprehension occurs at several levels (e.g., literal, inference, and conclusion). However, many teachers spend as much as two-thirds of their time on lower-level skills such as phonics and literal-level comprehension skills. Some authors have suggested ways of assisting readers in achieving comprehension at more…