Sources of variation in two measures of ethnic-group cohension are explored. The general model of the breakdown of ethnic-group cohension suggested by an older literature is not supported. A relatively simple model develops in which formal education plays a dominant role." (Author)

Describes three models of ethnic identity development, with particular focus on their significance for understanding the socialization and self-concepts of Black children. Considers implications for educational reform and suggests the models provide useful frameworks for making better decisions about when educators should introduce materials about…

This paper reviews the research and theories on ethnic identity development, and draws some implications from these ideas for improving curriculum design for, and instructional effectiveness with, ethnically different students, especially Black Americans. The paradigm of "the developmental stages of ethnic identity transformation"…