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Sharp, Ann C.; Sinatra, Gale M.; Reynolds, Ralph E. – Reading Research Quarterly, 2008
Theoretical perspectives on spelling characterize development as a progression through qualitatively different phases or as a process of more or less continuous growth. This study investigated the potential utility of a different perspective, the overlapping-wave model, for characterizing spelling development (Rittle-Johnson & Siegler, 1999). In…
Descriptors: Spelling, Spelling Instruction, Models, Learning Strategies

Brainerd, Charles J. – Child Development, 1983
Presents a stochastic model for distinguishing mental arithmetic errors according to causes of failure. A series of experiments (1) studied questions of goodness of fit and model validity among four and five year olds and (2) used the model to measure the relative contributions of developmental improvements in short-term memory and arithmetical…
Descriptors: Arithmetic, Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Development, Early Childhood Education