This study examines components of outdoor adventure programs for middle school students, using a school with a successful program as a model. Outdoor education is often left out of these years for financial and safety reasons, however the benefits of adventure programs are both measurable and profound to self-concept, confidence, identity growth,…

Brendtro, Brokenleg, and Van Bockern (2002) describe the Circle of Courage model for creating environments in which all children can thrive. This approach blends youth developmental research, the wisdom of pioneer workers, and Native American philosophies of child care. This model for reclaiming youth at risk posits four elements as essential for…

Describes the youth and instructors at Higher Horizons, a New York adventure education program for delinquent youth. Presents a model of the programs unique approach to outdoor reduction program staffing that addresses the problems of staff turnover and burnout and enhances the therapeutic process. (SB)