In the age of standardized testing, science and social studies are not given the same priority as mathematics and reading in the curriculum of United States schools. High stakes testing is viewed as having heavily biased schools toward teaching tested subjects and away from less frequently tested subjects. This paper is premised on the notion that…

Analysis of first-grade reading instruction reveals that teaching contains important technological elements, which can be formulated as principles expressing coherent connections between means and ends; they pervade school-system organization and are not restricted to classes. Teaching is not largely intuitive, unpredictable, or resistant to…

Documents the process of developing and using a general model for teacher education programs and a specific model for a reading program. Elements shared by the models include graphic representations, components, the manner in which they were developed, and the myriad functions that they support. (SM)