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DeCarlo, Lawrence T. – Journal of Educational Measurement, 2021
In a signal detection theory (SDT) approach to multiple choice exams, examinees are viewed as choosing, for each item, the alternative that is perceived as being the most plausible, with perceived plausibility depending in part on whether or not an item is known. The SDT model is a process model and provides measures of item difficulty, item…
Descriptors: Perception, Bias, Theories, Test Items
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Kellen, David; Klauer, Karl Christoph – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
A classic discussion in the recognition-memory literature concerns the question of whether recognition judgments are better described by continuous or discrete processes. These two hypotheses are instantiated by the signal detection theory model (SDT) and the 2-high-threshold model, respectively. Their comparison has almost invariably relied on…
Descriptors: Models, Recognition (Psychology), Comparative Analysis, Theories
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Dai, Huanping; Micheyl, Christophe – Psychological Review, 2012
A fundamental issue in the design and the interpretation of experimental studies of perception relates to the question of whether the participants in these experiments could perform the perceptual task assigned to them using another feature, or cue, than that intended by the experimenter. An approach frequently used by auditory- and…
Descriptors: Auditory Perception, Visual Perception, Cues, Psychological Studies
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Rogers, Timothy T.; McClelland, James L. – Cognitive Science, 2014
This paper introduces a special issue of "Cognitive Science" initiated on the 25th anniversary of the publication of "Parallel Distributed Processing" (PDP), a two-volume work that introduced the use of neural network models as vehicles for understanding cognition. The collection surveys the core commitments of the PDP…
Descriptors: Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Processes, Models, Cognitive Science
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Miller, Daniel C. – School Psychology Forum, 2015
The Woodcock-Johnson-Fourth edition (WJ IV; Schrank, McGrew, & Mather, 2014a) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth edition (WISC-V; Wechsler, 2014) are two of the major tests of cognitive abilities used in school psychology. The complete WJ IV battery includes the Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities (Schrank,…
Descriptors: Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Tests, Children, Intelligence Tests
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Moreno, Amanda J. – Childhood Education, 2017
As mindfulness practices become more widely implemented in schools, they are attracting both keen interest and strong criticism. It is important that mindfulness-based programs adhere to sound child development principles, be aligned with the neuroscience of stress, be integrated in a holistic manner by teachers throughout the school day, and…
Descriptors: Metacognition, Ethics, Elementary School Students, Child Development
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Dube, Chad; Starns, Jeffrey J.; Rotello, Caren M.; Ratcliff, Roger – Journal of Memory and Language, 2012
A classic question in the recognition memory literature is whether retrieval is best described as a continuous-evidence process consistent with signal detection theory (SDT), or a threshold process consistent with many multinomial processing tree (MPT) models. Because receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) based on confidence ratings are…
Descriptors: Recognition (Psychology), Reaction Time, Perception, Bias
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Orhan, A. Emin; Jacobs, Robert A. – Psychological Review, 2013
Experimental evidence suggests that the content of a memory for even a simple display encoded in visual short-term memory (VSTM) can be very complex. VSTM uses organizational processes that make the representation of an item dependent on the feature values of all displayed items as well as on these items' representations. Here, we develop a…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Visual Perception, Cognitive Processes, Bias
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Luan, Shenghua; Schooler, Lael J.; Gigerenzer, Gerd – Psychological Review, 2011
Models of decision making are distinguished by those that aim for an optimal solution in a world that is precisely specified by a set of assumptions (a so-called "small world") and those that aim for a simple but satisfactory solution in an uncertain world where the assumptions of optimization models may not be met (a so-called "large world"). Few…
Descriptors: Decision Making, Models, Cues, Perception
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DeCarlo, Lawrence T.; Kim, YoungKoung; Johnson, Matthew S. – Journal of Educational Measurement, 2011
The hierarchical rater model (HRM) recognizes the hierarchical structure of data that arises when raters score constructed response items. In this approach, raters' scores are not viewed as being direct indicators of examinee proficiency but rather as indicators of essay quality; the (latent categorical) quality of an examinee's essay in turn…
Descriptors: Responses, Essay Tests, Models, Scores
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Klauer, Karl Christoph; Kellen, David – Psychological Review, 2011
Dube, Rotello, and Heit (2010) argued (a) that the so-called receiver operating characteristic is nonlinear for data on belief bias in syllogistic reasoning; (b) that their data are inconsistent with Klauer, Musch, and Naumer's (2000) model of belief bias; (c) that their data are inconsistent with any of the existing accounts of belief bias and…
Descriptors: Perception, Beliefs, Bias, Theories
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Freeman, Jonathan B.; Ambady, Nalini – Psychological Review, 2011
A dynamic interactive theory of person construal is proposed. It assumes that the perception of other people is accomplished by a dynamical system involving continuous interaction between social categories, stereotypes, high-level cognitive states, and the low-level processing of facial, vocal, and bodily cues. This system permits lower-level…
Descriptors: Perception, Social Cognition, Cues, Classification
Longstreet, Phil L. – ProQuest LLC, 2013
The purpose of this manuscript is, first and foremost, to present new research in the Information Systems realm that will support future research into perceptions of Visual Appeal in an online environment. In furtherance of these goals, the research draws on Composition Theory to articulate a two-essay research agenda. Composition Theory states…
Descriptors: Aesthetics, Internet, Web Sites, Essays
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Townsend, James T.; Altieri, Nicholas – Psychological Review, 2012
Measures of human efficiency under increases in mental workload or attentional limitations are vital in studying human perception, cognition, and action. Assays of efficiency as workload changes have typically been confined to either reaction times (RTs) or accuracy alone. Within the realm of RTs, a nonparametric measure called the "workload…
Descriptors: Accuracy, Measures (Individuals), Reaction Time, Decision Making
Wulfemeyer, Julie Marie – ProQuest LLC, 2011
This work is an attempt to give a unified theory in response to two questions. The first question arises in the philosophy of mind: what is the mechanism by which we think of objects in the world? The second is a question in the philosophy of language: what is the mechanism by which we speak of them? These are questions that some have treated…
Descriptors: Linguistics, Paleontology, Models, Cognitive Development
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