Explains how a competition-based connectionist model for diagnostic problem-solving is adapted to information retrieval. Topics include probabilistic causal networks; Bayesian networks; the neural network model; empirical studies of test collections that evaluated retrieval performance; precision results; and the use of a thesaurus to provide…

Describes a four-stage model based on cognitive appraisal theory that attempts to specify the precise links between cognitive evaluations of events and resultant discrete emotions. Presents a case study with multicultural group members, which suggests that use of the model may be particularly constructive with these groups. By identifying linkages…

Presents a framework for assessment of critical thinking of college students. Proposes a multimethod approach focused on assessment of three major components of critical thinking: knowledge, thinking skills, and attitudes. Notes that each component requires its own assessment. Finds this multidimensional assessment framework is a workable solution…

Presents a learning model in an educational-leadership preparation program that depicts various teaching and learning strategies to provide students with declarative, procedural, and contextual knowledge. Describes four types of problem-based learning (grounded research on group problem solving, reflective thinking, problem complexity, and…

Examines Simulated Group Counseling (SGC), a training model for graduate-level group workers. During a four-year period, 98 graduate students participated in 12 role-played SGC groups. SGC followed a model of group development and was highly consistent with expected changes in non-role-played groups. Discusses SGC advantages, especially related to…

Interviews with 20 principals and 36 holistically oriented teachers in Phoenix, Arizona, disclosed the inadequacy of using direct-instruction evaluation methods for these teachers. However, all 20 principals were reluctant to change evaluation methods. At one school, teachers and principals cooperated to develop the Holistic Integrated Classroom…

This study illustrates a model for progressing from brief behavior assessments to more extended functional analyses. Data are presented for 20 individuals (ages 3-21 years) referred for severe behavior problems including self-injury, aggression, stereotypy, and tantrums. Results showed that clear and replicable response patterns emerged for 85% of…

Discusses the use of the human health risk assessment model as a basis for developing ecological risk assessment (ERA). For ERA, risk to individuals is less important than the survival of the population, with the exception of endangered species. Suggests that ERA take into account the relative reproductive value of the potentially impacted…

Describes the view of intelligence in Montessori education and dismisses a variety of limited and dehumanizing models of education. Refers to the Montessori model as a "human metaphor" that actually responds to who children are and what they need, and extends that metaphor to the world community at large, encompassing the author's spiritual…

The closed-interval signed area (CSA) and closed-interval unsigned area (CUA) statistics were studied by Monte Carlo simulation to detect differential item functioning (DIF) when the reference and focal groups had different parameter distributions. Different behaviors of the CSA and CUA as functions of the parameters are discussed. (SLD)

Value-added measures of school effectiveness are reviewed in relation to the British government's requirement for schools to publish raw examination results. A series of multilevel analyses of examination results found that most variation in pupil outcomes could be explained by pupil intake factors suggesting the greater importance of…

In light of recent British government reforms, a study of school choice in 33 local schools suggests some effects of increased marketing of schools. Notes that the market for cheap fee-paying schools has been established for a long time, and posits that some of the benefits or damage caused by markets in education should be observable in…

Describes the process used at the University of Natal (South Africa) to assess quality in teaching as the basis for academic promotion decisions. Considers development of the assessment model, the evaluation criteria used in assessing teaching portfolios, and the successes and problems inherent in the system. (DB)

To measure returns on taxpayer investments, two distinct evaluation levels are needed: a publicly accessible system that provides data and analytical conclusions for a state's school districts and charter schools; and an indepth assessment of individual school districts or sites. Standard & Poor's School Evaluation Services framework looks…

Criticizes monologic conceptions of reflection and suggests that individual cognitive models can perpetuate poor pedagogy. Argues that teachers initially frame events to reflect upon, and that through language and dialogue teachers can better understand their reflections, practice, and themselves. Discusses three arguments that challenge…