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Ning, Bo; Van Damme, Jan; Gielen, Sarah; Vanlaar, Gudrun; Van den Noortgate, Wim – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 2016
Finland and Shanghai are strong performers in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). The current study explored the similarities and differences in educational effectiveness between these 2 strong performers. To this end, 14 predictors representing student background and school process characteristics were selected from the PISA…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Reading Achievement, Comparative Education, Instructional Effectiveness
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Kelchen, Robert; Goldrick-Rab, Sara – Journal of Higher Education, 2015
The persistently low college attainment rates of youth from poor families are partly attributable to their uncertainty about college affordability. The current federal financial aid system does not provide specific information about college costs until just before college enrollment and the information is only available to students completing a…
Descriptors: Cost Effectiveness, Input Output Analysis, Federal Aid, Student Loan Programs
Picardi, E. Alfred – 1972
The construction cost estimate, often expressed as an absolute cost, leads to misunderstanding between client, designers, and builders. If estimates are to be used as adequate cost indicators, their probabilistic nature must be recognized and they must be expressed not as absolute numbers but in terms of a number with some indication of the…
Descriptors: Computer Programs, Construction Costs, Construction Industry, Cost Estimates