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Tietz, Naunda Meier – 1968
A random sample of 214 fourth grade students randomly assigned to two treatments completed 15 programmed lessons on multiplication of whole numbers. The treatments differed in the physical referent used in the programmed lessons. One group used an array as the physical referent (Repeated-Addition). The other used a coordinate system and ordered…
Descriptors: Achievement, Arithmetic, Grade 4, Instruction
Punn, Avtar Kaur – 1973
This study was conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of the use of three different combinations of enactive, ikonic and symbolic representation in teaching multiplication to third-grade students. Ninety students in three classrooms were instructed in accordance with the assigned treatment for nine weeks. Groups were equated using the…
Descriptors: Achievement, Arithmetic, Attitudes, Doctoral Dissertations
