An acceptable substitute for the straight and bent knee sit up exercise is described. (JD)

Rope jumping is a good, all-around, physical exercise, promoting cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, muscular strength, and muscular endurance. (MJB)

The efficacy of steroids in development of muscular strength in athletes is not proven. Their long-term use is increasingly being associated with liver disorders, including liver cancer, and other health problems. (JD)

An aerobic exercise class that focuses on the conditioning of the cardiovascular and muscular systems is presented. Students complete data cards on heart rate, pulse, and exercises to be completed during the forty minute course. (CJ)

Intensified programs for improving the physical fitness of women to help them meet vocational goals are described. (JD)

Postural deviations resulting from strength and flexibility imbalances include swayback, scoliosis, and rounded shoulders. Screening tests are one method for identifying strength problems. Tests for the evaluation of postural problems are described, and exercises are presented for the strengthening of muscles. (JN)

This article describes a program for weight lifting combined with other exercises that is designed to improve women's physical fitness. (JD)

Although there is little physiological evidence to suggest strength differences between prepubescent boys and girls, it is generally assumed by physical education experts and by children that such differences exist. (JN)

Strength differences between elementary school girls and boys are a result of sex role stereotyping rather than physiology. Strategies to redress these artificial differences are suggested. (JD)

Karate and the martial arts help to develop endurance, flexibility, speed, coordination, and strength. Karate is an intellectual discipline which has a strong foundation in art and philosophy. The black belt system and the various schools of karate are discussed. (JN)

Practical guidelines for physical education teachers concerning the right amount of exercise to develop and maintain health-related fitness among students are outlined, along with some techniques for developing student motivation. (JMF)

The shaping of human motor development is demonstrated by the orderly sequence of events which occur throughout the individual's development process. Muscular strength and proficiency in gross motor skills improve with advancing chronological age throughout childhood and adolescence, with sex differences in performance tending to favor males. (JN)

A significant relationship exists between a person's body concept and his general self-concept. Physical educators need to be more concerned with the development of the body concept in children. Understanding how the growth process affects performance ability can help the teacher plan activities based on individual readiness factors. (JN)