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ERIC Number: EJ1463998
Record Type: Journal
Publication Date: 2025
Pages: 12
Abstractor: As Provided
ISBN: N/A
ISSN: ISSN-0141-6200
EISSN: EISSN-1740-7931
Available Date: 0000-00-00
Analyzing Pakistan's National Curriculum Textbooks in Religious-Based Construction and Demonisation of 'Other' for High Schools
Qasim Jan1; Qahraman Kakar2; Baha Ul Haq3; Saif Ur Rahman4; Xu-Sheng Qian1
British Journal of Religious Education, v47 n2 p199-210 2025
This study analysis the role of Pakistan's National Curriculum textbooks in normalising religious-based construction and demonisation of the 'other'. Specifically, it examines textbooks issued by Federal Textbook Board for high school students using thematic content analysis. The research aims to investigate the portrayal of religious-based construction and demonisation of the 'other' in sample textbooks projected 'legitimate knowledge' across various subjects. In addition, it also analyzes that how the textbooks deviate from their supposed educational purpose to serve the vested interested of the ruling elites. The analysis employs a theoretical framework based on Apple's concept of 'legitimate knowledge', and N. Kalyvas and Frankfurter's notion of the 'normalisation of violence' as both a process and an outcome. By employing this theoretical framework, the study reveals that the presentation of 'legitimate knowledge' in textbooks plays a crucial role in normalising religious-based construction and demonisation of the 'other' by depicting them as enemies, spies, cruel, uncivilised, hypocritical, and deserving severe punishment. Furthermore, the textbooks construct binary structures such as 'Believers/Muslims vs. Non-believers/non-Muslims', portraying various groups in a hostile manner. The analysis also sheds light on the factors influencing the textbooks' role, which primarily serves the strategic and political interests of the Pakistani state, particularly during post-9/11 which significantly contributed to regional violence.
Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Information Analyses; Reports - Research
Education Level: High Schools; Secondary Education
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers - Location: Pakistan
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A
Author Affiliations: 1College of Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China; 2Research Group on the Use of Panel Data in Economics (Erudite) Creteil, Universite Gustave Eiffel, Champs-sur-Marne, France; 3Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; 4School of Economics and Management, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China