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Zhang, Xiaoqun; Yao, Ning; Chergui, Karima – Learning & Memory, 2016
Several forms of long-term depression (LTD) of glutamatergic synaptic transmission have been identified in the dorsal striatum and in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Such experience-dependent synaptic plasticity might play important roles in reward-related learning. The GABA[subscript A] receptor agonist muscimol was recently found to trigger a…
Descriptors: Animals, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Age Differences, Neurological Organization
Oros, Nicolas; Chiba, Andrea A.; Nitz, Douglas A.; Krichmar, Jeffrey L. – Learning & Memory, 2014
Learning to ignore irrelevant stimuli is essential to achieving efficient and fluid attention, and serves as the complement to increasing attention to relevant stimuli. The different cholinergic (ACh) subsystems within the basal forebrain regulate attention in distinct but complementary ways. ACh projections from the substantia innominata/nucleus…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Cognitive Processes, Attention, Brain Hemisphere Functions
Marschark, Marc, Ed.; Knoors, Harry, Ed. – Oxford University Press, 2020
In recent years, the intersection of cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and neuroscience with regard to deaf individuals has received increasing attention from a variety of academic and educational audiences. Both research and pedagogy have addressed questions about whether deaf children learn in the same ways that hearing children…
Descriptors: Deafness, Hearing Impairments, Learning Processes, Cognitive Ability
Holl, Anna K.; Wilkinson, Leonora; Tabrizi, Sarah J.; Painold, Annamaria; Jahanshahi, Marjan – Neuropsychologia, 2012
In general, declarative learning is associated with the activation of the medial temporal lobes (MTL), while the basal ganglia (BG) are considered the substrate for procedural learning. More recently it has been demonstrated the distinction of these systems may not be as absolute as previously thought and that not only the explicit or implicit…
Descriptors: Evidence, Feedback (Response), Diseases, Patients
Cowell, Rosemary A.; Bussey, Timothy J.; Saksida, Lisa M. – Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2010
We examined the organization and function of the ventral object processing pathway. The prevailing theoretical approach in this field holds that the ventral object processing stream has a modular organization, in which visual perception is carried out in posterior regions and visual memory is carried out, independently, in the anterior temporal…
Descriptors: Brain Hemisphere Functions, Cognitive Processes, Neurological Organization, Visual Perception
Alexander, Michael P.; Stuss, Donald; Gillingham, Susan – Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2009
Background: List-learning tasks are frequently used to provide measures of "executive functions" that are believed necessary for successful memory performance. Small sample sizes, confounding anomia, and incomplete representation of all frontal regions have prevented consistent demonstration of distinct regional frontal effects on this task.…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Neurological Organization, Word Lists, Learning Processes
Gardiner, Katheleen – Down Syndrome Research and Practice, 2009
Mouse models are a standard tool in the study of many human diseases, providing insights into the normal functions of a gene, how these are altered in disease and how they contribute to a disease process, as well as information on drug action, efficacy and side effects. Our knowledge of human genes, their genetics, functions, interactions and…
Descriptors: Genetics, Symptoms (Individual Disorders), Down Syndrome, Memory
Davis, Michael; Myers, Karyn M.; Ressler, Kerry J. – Learning & Memory, 2006
Fear extinction is defined as a decline in conditioned fear responses (CRs) following nonreinforced exposure to a feared conditioned stimulus (CS). Behavioral evidence indicates that extinction is a form of inhibitory learning: Extinguished fear responses reappear with the passage of time (spontaneous recovery), a shift of context (renewal), and…
Descriptors: Fear, Epidemiology, Behavioral Science Research, Conditioning

Wickelgren, Wayne A. – Psychological Review, 1979
Horizontal vs vertical associative memory is defined. Vertical associative memory involves chunking--specifying new nodes representing combinations of old nodes. Chunking is the basis of semantic memory and cognitive learning. The hippocampal (limbic) arousal system is critical to the chunking process; its disruption produces the amnesic syndrome.…
Descriptors: Association (Psychology), Associative Learning, Cognitive Processes, Conditioning
Frank, Michael J.; Claus, Eric D. – Psychological Review, 2006
The authors explore the division of labor between the basal ganglia-dopamine (BG-DA) system and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in decision making. They show that a primitive neural network model of the BG-DA system slowly learns to make decisions on the basis of the relative probability of rewards but is not as sensitive to (a) recency or (b) the…
Descriptors: Brain, Decision Making, Probability, Reinforcement

Sylwester, Robert; And Others – Educational Leadership, 1981
Medical research during the last 20 years, especially that attempting to help patients with diseased or damaged brains, has produced new findings on hemispheric differences, memory, and language production. Four authorities comment briefly on the implications of this research for education. (Author/MLF)
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Elementary Secondary Education, Individual Development, Instructional Improvement

Obrzut, John E. – School Psychology Review, 1981
The need for valid and reliable neuropsychological assessment procedures for differential assessment of learning disorders in children is emphasized. The neuropsychological procedures outlined are based on the theory that learning acquisition represents a hierarchy of information processing skills. A hierarchical model along with related…
Descriptors: Behavior Problems, Clinical Diagnosis, Cognitive Processes, Elementary Secondary Education