Qualitative analyses of 2 clients' psychotherapies (client centered and process-experiential) investigated the developmental progression from formulating a problem to achieving an understanding of it. The results elaborated one segment in the 8-stage Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Sequence (APES), through which problematic parts of a…

Applied the Directives Rating System (DRS), which classifies directives, to transcripts of four expert group therapists. DRS yielded satisfactory estimates of interrater agreement and validity. Findings showed that DRS ratings were related to therapists' theoretical orientation and that therapists tended to use imperatives and requestives when…

The results of this experiment demonstrate a causal relationship (a) between the expressed accuracy of understanding and the proposal of compromises and the induction of cooperation in a negotiation situation and (b) between the expressed warmth and degree of favorableness of interpersonal attitudes, thus giving support to the efficacy of Rogerian…

Results of this study suggest that ascertaining and meeting client preference may not be relevant to the quality of the interpersonal process. There was no evidence that failure to meet client preference adversely affected interview process. Clients of high-directive counselors did express greater satisfaction with the client-counselor…

Two alternative explanations for early defection of female counseling clients were tested. Greater satisfaction with nondirective interviewing by females more likely to defect was found, which favored the catharsis alternative. (Author)

Effects of interpretation and restatement on client expression of self-reference affect in a low-structured interview were examined. Subjects were 40 female volunteers. Interpretation treatment achieved significant positive conditioning of self-reference affect. Restatement treatment achieved significant negative conditioning of the critical…

Used single-subject research design to examine counseling style preference of six international clients and one white U.S. client within and across four counseling sessions. Clients listened to audiotape counseling session containing problem-solving approach and client-centered approach and rated both. Clients also rated these styles in actual…

Discusses results of two studies conducted to investigate communications between friends, since it is often stated that psychotherapy is a type of friendship. Findings showed that empathic responses were infrequent between friends trying to be helpful, though such responses constituted a majority of statements of model Rogerian therapists.…

Students viewed three films to determine if (a) authoritarian clients would dislike psychotherapy more than nonauthoritarian clients, and (b) authoritarian clients would prefer a directive therapist whereas nonauthoritarian clients would prefer a nondirective therapist. The results did not support the first hypothesis, but they significantly…

This study sought to assess preferences for counseling response styles. Although both clients and nonclients most frequently select adjectives describing "nurturant" counselors, they have no differential preferences for response styles when these are demonstrated in scripted interactions. Neither group preferred empathic responses to other…

The effects of counselor verbal behavior (reflections, probes, and restatements) and counselor nonverbal behavior (presence or absence of nodding and smiling) upon 48 subjects was examined. Probes resulted in more discussion of feelings than did either reflections or restatements. Nonverbal behavior did not effect discussion of feelings. (Author)

This study examines differences in the perceptions of 200 college students toward Carkhuff-defined facilitative conditions as a treatment, and a specific behavioral treatment, assertive training. Ratings indicated the behavioral-treatment counselor was seen as more expert and appealing than the facilitative-conditions counselor. (Author)

Two studies are described in which Asian Americans rated a counselor's performance in a simulated counseling session with an Asian American student. The counselor was rated as more credible and approachable when employing a directive counseling approach than when using a nondirective counseling approach. (Author/MFD)

A technique is described which encourages clients to employ mental imagery in increasing self-awareness and emotional expression. (Author)

This study employed training in facilitative self-responding as a means of helping clients alter what they say to themselves. The training was compared to empathy-based individual counseling. Results using eight measures identified significant differences in favor of the trained group for six of the eight variables. (Author)