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Direct linkAnderson, Karen; Kochan, Frances; Kensler, Lisa A. W.; Reames, Ellen H. – Journal of School Leadership, 2018
This study examined the relationships between enabling structures, academic optimism, and student achievement to determine whether academic optimism served as a mediator between the two. Student achievement was measured using both criterion-referenced and norm-referenced tests. Findings indicated a relationship between academic optimism, enabling…
Descriptors: Correlation, Academic Achievement, Positive Attitudes, Criterion Referenced Tests
Download full textSkinner, Rebecca R.; Lomax, Erin – Congressional Research Service, 2017
Federal education legislation continues to emphasize the role of assessment in elementary and secondary schools. Perhaps most prominently, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), as amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95), requires the use of test-based educational accountability systems in states and specifies the…
Descriptors: Educational Assessment, Educational Legislation, Elementary Secondary Education, Federal Legislation
