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Direct linkHengzhi Hu; Nur Ehsan Mohd Said; Harwati Hashim – SAGE Open, 2025
Foreign language (L2) learners' speaking proficiency is often quantified using two dimensions: intuitive human ratings and analytical, linguistic complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) indices. While previous research and assessment practices have predominantly focused on either the subjective approach to L2 speaking or the objective one, it is…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Speech Tests, English (Second Language), Accuracy
Jie Qin; Dilin Liu – Applied Linguistics, 2025
In response to calls for an assessment tool that provides a separate performance dimension from the linguistic quality-oriented measures of complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) and guided by systemic functional linguistic (SFL) theories, this study introduces a set of fine-grained objective measures of communication/content/function…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, English (Second Language), Language Tests, Linguistic Theory
