Many workforce development training programmes use learning gains as a measure of programme effectiveness. However, research on K-12 education suggests that posttest scores may be influenced by pretesting effects. Pretesting may improve posttest performance by giving learners preknowledge of posttest content. Alternatively, pretesting may enhance…

Interviews with 32 apprentices, 21 employers, and 6 teachers in technical and further education and on-the-job learning environments showed that groups had different perceptions of the complementarity of on- and off-job learning. Learning was complicated by movement among different communities of practice with sometimes contradictory messages.…