The results show that approximately 33 percent of the variance in control can be accounted for by structural characteristics, as well as by a characteristic of the environment--namely, the nature of the clientele served. (Author)

The transactions cost approach provides a framework for evaluating organizations on the basis of efficiency because it allows the identification of the conditions that give rise to the costs of mediating exchanges between individuals. The three basic mechanisms of mediation or control are markets, bureaucracies, and clans. (Author/IRT)

Distinguishes between two modes of organizational control, personal surveillance (behavior control) and the measurement of outputs (output control). Output control occurs in response to a manager's need to provide legitimate evidence of performance, while behavior control is exerted when means-ends relations are known and appropriate instruction…

Data collected in two companies in one industry give partial support to the contention that organizational control mechanisms are related to the emotional well-being of employees. (Author)

A new operational measure of span of control is proposed in order to develop a common language of measurement that will facilitate an understanding of organizational structure. (Author)