The pronunciation of a word represented in an alphabetic writing system (such as this one) is relatively transparent--but a language's sounds change over time and vary across space, while its spellings remain relatively static, resulting in some amount of divergence between the written and spoken forms. The introduction of loanwords and…

This study evaluated the ability of the kindergarten and first grade Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS), measures of early literacy development, to discriminate among low average, average, and above average students considered at risk emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) on the Total Reading cluster of the Woodcock…

Subjects learned meanings for 16 invented words and practiced categorizing each word according to its meaning. Each word appeared consistently in either script or uppercase type. Subsequently subjects categorized words in both versions; at first, categorization was slower for unfamiliar versions. Subjects relied on both configuration information…

Two codes that provide access to the identity of an item in memory are the initial letter of its name and the name of a category to which it belongs. This research compares the characteristics of these two modes of access to the identity of a memory trace. (Author/RK)