Retrieving studied materials often enhances subsequent learning of new materials (Pastötter & Bäuml, 2014). However, retrieval has also been shown to impair new learning (Finn & Roediger, 2013). In this article, we attempted to determine when retrieval enhances and when it impairs new learning. We argue that testing impairs new learning…

Despite the clear long-term benefits of spaced practice, students and teachers often choose massed practice. Whether learners actually fail to appreciate the benefits of spacing is, however, open to question. Early studies (e.g., Zechmeister & Shaughnessy, 1980) found that participants' judgments of learning were higher after massed than after…

In episodic memory tasks, associations are formed between items presented close together in time. The temporal context model (TCM) hypothesizes that this contiguity effect is a consequence of shared temporal context rather than temporal proximity per se. Using double-function lists of paired associates (e.g., A-B, B-C) presented in a random order,…

This report focuses on memory research, using 'interestingness' as a variable in paired-associate (PA) learning and retention. Nine PA lists were constructed from 'interestingness' ratings (high, medium, and low) on both stimulus and response sides, and controls over associative properties of stimulus and response terms. Subjects (162) were…

Article describes an experiment showing through paired associate testing how different groups can have the same total learning time. (Author/MM)

A study was conducted to determine the optimal presentation methods for teaching the phonetic alphabet which is characteristic of much of the symbolic material which forms part of the SAGE L-system operator task. This discrete-item, paired-associate material was prepared in six different formats: (1) long continuous-discourse program, overt…

Three paired-associate learning studies were designed to test the hypothesis that individual differences in learning speed are determined by the types of elaborative strategies used by learners during acquisition. Slow learners generate fewer elaborators and produce less effective elaborators, even when using the same strategy as fast learners.…

Response latency was studied as a measure of associative strength or degree of learning and possible basis for instructional decision making in computer-assisted instruction. Latency was investigated in a paired-associate task as a function of training procedure and information transmission requirements during acquisition and overlearning. The…

Research in paired-associate overlearning sought means of decreasing the variability while maintaining the magnitude of the decrement in stimulus-response latency (SRL). SRL was divided into decision latency (DL) and manual response latency (MRL); it was hypothesized that self-pacing of inter-item intervals would reduce V. Group I received stimuli…

AN INFORMATION TRANSMISSION MODEL THAT ADVOCATES LEARNING VIA ONLY ONE SENSE MODALITY (E.G. VISUAL) IS THE BASIS FOR SEVERAL SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS, EACH SUBJECTED TO RIGOROUS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. CONCLUSIONS ARE--LEARNING IS NOT FACILITATED BY REDUNDANT INFORMATION PRESENTED SIMULTANEOUSLY THROUGH THE AUDITORY AND VISUAL SENSE MODALITIES, IT IS…

In order to determine if infants possessed contingency awareness and if it were related to a temporal unit, two hypotheses were constructed. (1) Reinforcement of a response would probably lead to emission of that response only if the infant's next response occurred within a period of time during which he could remember the preceding…

This study investigated the effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on hyperactive children's performance on a paired-associate learning task under 3 presentation rates. (Author/JMB)