The COVID-19 pandemic led to rapid innovation among language assessment developers who had to adapt their testing processes to address various restrictions from governments and institutions. This overview introduces some of the challenges and opportunities test developers grappled with during this period as well as introduces the six commentaries…

To what extent can the transformative power and language learning affordances provided by the study abroad experience be virtualized? The large-scale shift away from on-site study abroad to online learning in 2020-2021, caused by the COVID pandemic, has made it possible to compare data for in-person immersion learning versus digitally mediated…

During the time of COVID-19, students should study at home and class is conducted fully online. However, classes in higher education are mostly planned for Face-to-Face (F2F) learning. To deal with the situation, educators seek an alternative learning design to be implemented and it is expected to have either comparable or improved learning…