Visual preference procedures were used to investigate development of perceptually based subordinate-level categorization in 3- to 7-month-old infants. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that 3- to 4-month-olds did not form category representations for photographic exemplars of subordinate-level classes of cats and dogs (i.e., Siamese vs. Tabby,…

Presents an expanded model of counseling, which includes a stimulation phase, to provide for active counseling methods that affect client perceptual change. This actively involves the counselor and client in full exploration, culminating in discovery. Active stimulation leads to new awareness, enhanced by social influence to achieve new…

We investigated how different psychophysical procedures affect frequency discrimination performance in children. Four studies used a design in which listeners heard two tone pairs and had to identify whether the first or second pair contained a higher frequency target tone. Thresholds for 6-and 7-year-olds were higher than those for 8- and…

Educating for personal knowing requires an approach to learning that is based in direct sensory experience. Creative art activity nurtures the development of vital sensory experience at every stage of the life cycle. Through imagination, sensory experience is transformed into self-knowledge and conceptual thought; together they illuminate the…

Indicates that spatial ability describes a variety of different behaviors and briefly reviews efforts to define intelligence factors and identify processes involved in solving tasks requiring spatial ability. (DS)