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Stainthorp, Rhona – Education 3-13, 2021
This paper presents an overview of evidence from psychological research, which enables us to understand the processes involved in word reading, how children develop word reading skills and how to teach them to read words successfully. Psychological models of reading in alphabetic orthographies propose two routes to word reading: an indirect route…
Descriptors: Psychology, Reading Processes, Alphabets, Models
Eviatar, Zohar; Ibrahim, Raphiq; Karelitz, Tzur M.; Simon, Anat Ben – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2019
We tested the effects of orthography on text reading by comparing reading measures in Arabic and Hebrew-speaking adults. The languages are typologically very similar, but use different orthographies. We measured naming speed of single letters, words and nonwords, and visual processing. Arabic-speakers also performed some of the tasks in Hebrew. We…
Descriptors: Semitic Languages, Reading Skills, Adults, Visual Perception
Estes, W. K. – Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1973
Research supported by a Public Health Service grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. (DD)
Descriptors: Graphs, Interference (Language), Letters (Alphabet), Memorization

Terepocki, Megan; Kruk, Richard S.; Willows, Dale M. – Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2002
A study investigated letter orientation confusions (reversals) in the reading and writing of 10 children with reading disabilities and 10 typical readers (age 10). Individuals with reading disability made more orientation confusions. Orientation errors were more frequent for reversible than for nonreversible items in tasks involving long-term…
Descriptors: Elementary Education, Graphemes, Incidence, Learning Disabilities
Ross, Shannon; Treiman, Rebecca; Bick, Suzanne – Cognitive Development, 2004
To examine how young children learn to read new words, we asked preschoolers (N = 115, mean age 4 years, 8 months) to learn and remember novel spellings that made sense based on letter names (e.g. TZ for "tease") and spellings that were visually distinctive but phonetically inappropriate. Children who were more knowledgeable about letter names…
Descriptors: Preschool Children, Spelling, Phonetics, Difficulty Level