This study investigated whether the phonological representation of a word is modulated by its orthographic representation in case of a mismatch between the two representations. Such a mismatch is found in Persian, where short vowels are represented phonemically but not orthographically. Persian adult literates, Persian adult illiterates, and…

Urdu language is a member of Indo-European family tree and within the zone of Indo-Iranian branch, whereas Turkish language is a member of Altaic family tree. Both of these languages belong to different family trees, but these languages have many words in common. Urdu language has 41 consonant sounds and 11 vowel sounds, whereas Turkish language…

This study compared Spanish-English bilinguals' and English monolinguals' VOT values for /b, d, g/ in cognates and non-cognates. Twenty-six young adult participants (fourteen bilinguals and twelve monolinguals, mean age 24 years) were administered a picture-naming task, balanced for cognate and non-cognate forms. VOT values of 30 target words per…

Palatalization refers to a type of coarticulation in which the place of articulation of some sound is closer to the palate than otherwise expected, very often triggered by adjacent palatal segments. It has been known as one of the most dynamic phonological phenomena in phonetic and phonological research, but the articulatory nature of…

THIS REFERENCE GRAMMAR IS WRITTEN FOR THE LINGUIST OF THE LINGUISTICALLY-ORIENTED INTERMEDIATE STUDENT OF MODERN TURKISH. THE EXAMPLES OF USAGE IN THE TEXT HAVE BEEN SELECTED FROM THE COLLOQUIAL SPEECH OF EDUCATED TURKS. THE ENGLISH GLOSSES OF TURKISH WORDS OR PHRASES ARE LITERAL, TO SHOW THE TURKISH STRUCTURE, WITH PARENTHETICAL ADDITIONS TO…

The aim of this article is to account for some of the difficulties facing speakers of Polish learning Finnish and vice versa. (Author/RM)

ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS WHEN LEARNING OR TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IS DETERMINING THE POSSIBILITIES OF PHONEME OVERLAP AND/OR INTERFERENCE BETWEEN THE NATIVE LANGUAGE AND THE TARGET LANGUAGE. ALTHOUGH TRADITIONAL METHODS OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS HAVE RELIED ON MINIMAL PAIRS OF WORDS AND ISOLATING THE PHONEMES OF INITIAL OR FINAL…

The present work begins with a phonetic description of the acceptable French /R/ and descriptions of several allophones of English /R/ which must be avoided while learning the French. Various theories are discussed concerning the relationship between the position of the /R/ in an utterance and the difficulty students have in pronouncing it…

This paper contends that neither taxonomic nor generative phonology is a satisfactory basis for contrastive analysis or for teaching Russian pronunciation. A third theory, known as natural phonology, is more useful. (CHK)

This paper is an investigation of nasal vowels from both a synchronic and a diachronic point of view. Data from over 50 languages have been examined (some languages in much more detail than others) in an attempt to distinguish the aspects of vowel nasalization that are "universal" from those phenomena that are language-specific. This study is…

This four-part study introduces the reader to the methods and procedures used in descriptive linguistics and their application to the sound systems of English and Russian. A condensed phonology of English includes discussion of consonants, vowels, stress, phrasing, and pitch. The section on Russian phonemes examines: (1) consonant and vowel…

This article discusses sonorants and affricates in English, and contrasts them with the sonorants and affricates in French and German. (Text is in French.) (CLK)