Phonological field work is largely about establishing contrast in comparable environments. The notion of phonological contrast, however, can be confusing, particularly in its application to tone analysis. Does it mean phonemic contrast in the structuralist sense, or does it mean underlying contrast in the generative sense? Many linguists, in…

Refers to an outline of a new grammar book from the Spanish Royal Academy. (SK)

The chief purposes of this book are the illustration of an analytical approach to tone languages, a methodology based upon recent linguistic advance, and the presentation of firsthand data on Mixteco and Mazateco, languages which represent two very different structural arrangements of linguistic tone. Part 1 describes some of the types of…

This study examined whether a younger starting age is advantageous in a situation of minimal exposure to an instructed foreign language ([less than or equal] 4 hours classroom contact per week). Previous theoretical and empirical studies indicated there should be no advantage for an earlier start. Japanese college students who started studying…

THIS REFERENCE GRAMMAR IS WRITTEN FOR THE LINGUIST OF THE LINGUISTICALLY-ORIENTED INTERMEDIATE STUDENT OF MODERN TURKISH. THE EXAMPLES OF USAGE IN THE TEXT HAVE BEEN SELECTED FROM THE COLLOQUIAL SPEECH OF EDUCATED TURKS. THE ENGLISH GLOSSES OF TURKISH WORDS OR PHRASES ARE LITERAL, TO SHOW THE TURKISH STRUCTURE, WITH PARENTHETICAL ADDITIONS TO…

THIS DETAILED, LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS DOES NOT CONTRAST ENGLISH AND QUECHUA PHONOLOGY AND GRAMMAR BUT RATHER ATTEMPTS TO DESCRIBE THE DISTRIBUTIONAL AND SEMANTIC CATEGORIES PARTICULAR TO CUZCO QUECHUA IN A THOROUGH AND SCIENTIFIC MANNER. IT CAN BE USED IN THE FIELD TO IDENTIFY UNFAMILIAR UTTERANCES OR TO HELP UNDERSTAND HOW NATIVE SPEAKERS…

Investigation supported by a grant from the U.S. Office of Education. (VM)

The Saussurean thesis of arbitrariness of the sign is considered incomplete since it specifies only vertical and not horizontal relations. (DD)

Research supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health. (DD)

This study explores sound-symbolic, or mimetic, words in the Japanese language, the majority of which are never entered in Japanese dictionaries, and which may not be fully understood in all their nuances by native speakers. The extensiveness of the sound-symbolic system is related to the semantic under-differentiation of Japanese verbs. An…

This paper suggests that some features of the syntactic and semantic structure of sentences sometimes influence the phonemic analyses assigned to stretches of speech by the perceptual system. It is argued that the role of higher-order levels of linguistic analysis in speech perception can be productively studied. Theoretical issues appropriate for…

Paper presented at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, on September 20, 1971. (VM)

Paper prepared with the support of the Defense Language Institute English Language School, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas under contract F41609-70-C0033, and delivered in 1970 to staff members of the DLIELS. (DS)