This article examines problems in translation on the level of semantics, phonology, syntax, and morphology. The use of the subjunctive is discusses as a specific problem area. (Text is in French.) (AM)

Argues against Chomsky's conception of deep structure (underlying representation) and surface structure in phonology. (DD)

Demonstrates that "contractions and their related uncontracted counterparts may have different derivational histories, different semantic contents and different syntactic functions" and discusses the implications of these findings for the teaching of English to speakers of other languages. Revised version of a paper presented at the…

Discusses phrase structure and marking rules (for number and case) in Zuni transitive and intransitive verbs. (DD)

Work supported by a National Institutes of Mental Health Grant. (DD)

It is asserted that the treatment of intonation within the framework of generative grammar has not shown whether surface syntactic structure is sufficient for formulation of phonological rules. An attempt is made to demonstrate that within English phonology reference to deep structure is necessary. (Available from: See FL 508 214). (RM)

Explores the semantic distinctions and tonal behaviors of four types of "lai" in Taiwanese. It is concluded that some types cannot be fully understood without reference to the underlying structure, the surface structure being often insufficient for determining the tonal shape of the syllable in utterance. (CLK)

Translation may be compared to a cable composed of many simultaneous strands of transfer. In translation, there is replacement which involves general hierarchical organization, grammatical constructions and constituents, mapping of deep onto surface structures, classes, ordering, lexicon, phonology, concordance, points of ambiguity, and…

At present a computer system cannot be constructed for handling the totality of a natural language in any significant way. It is, however, possible to construct a system for communication in a narrow field of discourse. A working model for a specialized discourse based on a recognition grammar is discussed. Some properties of the recognition…

This book offers a theory of language which departs from both structuralist and Chomskyan transformational linguistics in using semantic structure as its base. The theory is illustrated mostly from English by means of a step-by-step analysis of a large part of English semantic structure. A specific and detailed theory of language is thus…

This paper examines the status of surface structure in transformational grammar, and the way that surface structure mediates the contacts between the phonological and semantic components of the grammar. Surface structure refers not to a single but to at least four distinct notions that do not necessarily define a homogeneous level of…

Seeking out inter-language differences in the execution of a contrastive analysis is given priority over looking for manifestations of language universals. But unless a contrastive study is based upon an understanding of language universals and contains a set of instructions for how each language realizes them, the common ground for contrast can…

This paper cites the inadequacy of transformational generative grammar theories in their attempts to describe the meaning of a given sentence. The author sees the specification of meaning involving the recovery of the particular section or sections of the world model communicated or represented by the sentence. As a corollary, the author argues…