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Direct linkBailey, Tamba-Kuii M.; Chung, Y. Barry; Williams, Wendi S.; Singh, Anneliese A.; Terrell, Heather K. – Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2011
This article describes the development and validation of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale (IROS) for Black individuals in 2 studies using a total sample of 468 Black college students. The IROS is intended to measure the degree to which racial oppression is internalized and replicated by Black individuals in the United States. An…
Descriptors: Stereotypes, College Students, Factor Structure, Racial Identification
