Argues that the geopolitical theory of Halford Mackinder and Derwent Whittlesey is outdated. Applies a developmental approach in general systems theory to geopolitical analysis. Explains that the evolution of superpowers enables gateway states to attain independence, facilitating global equilibrium and allowing an international integrated system…

Presents the Middle East as a circumterral (rimmed by interpenetrating inland seas) rather than circumthallasic (lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea). Contends that, in a circumterral setting, domination by a single nation is made difficult by the weight of the land masses that project into the seas. (CFR)