Explores China's experience in developing higher education alternatives as a means to resolve contradictions between a revolutionary ideology of mass participation and the natural exclusiveness of conventional higher education. Describes six official and several unofficial forms of alternative higher education serving specific populations or…

Defining civic education reform in the Czech Republic since 1989 in terms of its post-communist transition, this paper contends that the breadth, depth, and range of educational reforms proposed or already adopted in Central and Eastern European societies is extensive, involving most areas of education (curricula, educational legislation,…

Discusses the current reform, both in organizational structure and curriculum development, occurring in Poland's universities. Emphasis is given to the changes in the economics curriculum and the role of Western economists in adopting the new method of teaching in a rapidly changing economic environment. (MJP)

Characterizes the period in Soviet Russia from the late 1950s to the early 1990s as one marked by socioeconomic change and Communist Party restructuring. Discusses the effect this turmoil had on the educational system. Reforms instituted during this time formed the basis for many of the changes implemented with perestroika. (MJP)

This document presents a comprehensive collage-style description of educational administration preparation programs in the People's Republic of China, covering a time span from Mao Zedong's normal college days to the present. The evolution of the current institutional specialization system, the basic composition of the programs, and some…