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Direct linkRen, Kexin; Wang, Yiqiao; Weinraub, Marsha; Newcombe, Nora S.; Gunderson, Elizabeth A. – Developmental Psychology, 2022
Parents provide motivational and cognitive support within the same interaction, yet researchers have investigated these separately. We examined two key aspects of parental support, praise (motivational support) and spatial language (cognitive support), from fathers and mothers during three tasks with their first-grade children (6-7-year-olds; N =…
Descriptors: Fathers, Mothers, Positive Reinforcement, Language Usage
Gunderson, Elizabeth A.; Sorhagen, Nicole S.; Gripshover, Sarah J.; Dweck, Carol S.; Goldin-Meadow, Susan; Levine, Susan C. – Developmental Psychology, 2018
In a previous study, parent-child praise was observed in natural interactions at home when children were 1, 2, and 3 years of age. Children who received a relatively high proportion of process praise (e.g., praise for effort and strategies) showed stronger incremental motivational frameworks, including a belief that intelligence can be developed…
Descriptors: Positive Reinforcement, Parents, Toddlers, Parent Child Relationship
Ennis, Robin Parks; Jolivette, Kristine – Journal of Special Education, 2014
Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) have academic deficits that affect their success in school. However, there are few research studies investigating what strategies work best for this population, especially in the area of writing. One promising intervention to support the writing skills of students with and at risk for E/BD is…
Descriptors: At Risk Students, Emotional Disturbances, Behavior Disorders, Self Control
