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Nicolle, A.; Symmonds, M.; Dolan, R. J. – Cognition, 2011
Action-outcome contingencies can be learnt either by active trial-and-error, or vicariously, by observing the outcomes of actions performed by others. The extant literature is ambiguous as to which of these modes of learning is more effective, as controlled comparisons of operant and observational learning are rare. Here, we contrasted human…
Descriptors: Observational Learning, Operant Conditioning, Bias, Negative Reinforcement
Robertson, William L. – ProQuest LLC, 2010
Presenting college students, in a wide variety of content areas, with frequent announced and unannounced quizzes appears to correlate positively with enhanced test performance. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine if similar results can be achieved with high school students in a standard economics class. Based on a theoretical…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Operant Conditioning, Tests, Program Effectiveness