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Hübner, Nicolas; Spengler, Marion; Nagengast, Benjamin; Borghans, Lex; Schils, Trudie; Trautwein, Ulrich – Journal of Educational Psychology, 2022
Students' academic achievement is a key predictor of various life outcomes and is commonly used for selection as well as for educational monitoring and accountability. With regard to achievement indicators, a differentiation has traditionally been drawn between grades and standardized tests. There is initial, albeit inconclusive, evidence that…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Personality Traits, Achievement Tests, Personality Theories