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Direct linkMaydeu-Olivares, Alberto; Coffman, Donna L.; Hartmann, Wolfgang M. – Psychological Methods, 2007
The point estimate of sample coefficient alpha may provide a misleading impression of the reliability of the test score. Because sample coefficient alpha is consistently biased downward, it is more likely to yield a misleading impression of poor reliability. The magnitude of the bias is greatest precisely when the variability of sample alpha is…
Descriptors: Intervals, Scores, Sample Size, Simulation
Bauer, Daniel J.; Preacher, Kristopher J.; Gil, Karen M. – Psychological Methods, 2006
The authors propose new procedures for evaluating direct, indirect, and total effects in multilevel models when all relevant variables are measured at Level 1 and all effects are random. Formulas are provided for the mean and variance of the indirect and total effects and for the sampling variances of the average indirect and total effects.…
Descriptors: Testing, Models, Sampling, Context Effect
