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Kyari, Murat; Buyukozturk, Sener – Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 2009
The outcomes which cannot be generalized are specific for a sample but are unable to be reflected to the rest of the population. The parameters that are reached at the end of the statistics that are scarce in sample arise doubts in the aspect of generalization. In these cases, parameter estimation may not be very stable and outlier values can…
Descriptors: Siblings, Intervals, Academic Achievement, Predictor Variables
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Bauer, Daniel J.; Preacher, Kristopher J.; Gil, Karen M. – Psychological Methods, 2006
The authors propose new procedures for evaluating direct, indirect, and total effects in multilevel models when all relevant variables are measured at Level 1 and all effects are random. Formulas are provided for the mean and variance of the indirect and total effects and for the sampling variances of the average indirect and total effects.…
Descriptors: Testing, Models, Sampling, Context Effect