A two-level data set can be structured in either long format (LF) or wide format (WF), and both have corresponding SEM approaches for estimating multilevel models. Intuitively, one might expect these approaches to perform similarly. However, the two data formats yield data matrices with different numbers of columns and rows, and their "cols :…

The subject of teachers' intentions to leave has recently captured the attention of researchers and practitioners. This paper reports on a study that examined the workplace predictors of teachers' intentions to leave for teachers in different career stages. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the plausibility of a conceptual model…

The purpose of this study is to investigate relationships between students' engagement versus disaffection and their perceptions of teachers' motivational support styles. To do this a hypothesized structural model specifying the direct relationships of students' engagement and their perceptions of teachers' motivational support is used. The model,…

This article reports on a study that investigated the relationship between three dimensions of campus racial climate and faculty satisfaction with a large, nationally representative faculty sample (N = 29,169), using a multilevel structural equation model. Results indicate that campus racial climate has a large and highly significant effect upon…

This study investigated parent general value of science operationalized in the 2006 questionnaire of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), as a determinant of adolescents' scientific literacy performance. The transmission of academic values literature is small. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies to date have…