Black self-determination and freedom is the goal of Black communities who have faced the oppressive and violent hand of white supremacy in America and throughout the world. Higher education is rooted in the European University and was not created for Black people. Historically, predominantly white higher education institutions (PWHEIs) maintained…

Civic mindedness, a civic outcome, is often defined as knowledge and involvement resulting in action (Bringle & Steinberg, 2010). As an integral part of the development of civic identity, civic mindedness directly contributes to an individual's civic engagement (the process of deepening the knowledge, skills, values, and motivation of students…

Black students who attend PWIs often experience social exclusion on campus. To gain a greater understanding of this issue I conducted a qualitative research study that allowed me to gain insight of the difficulties that Black undergraduate students experience at PWIs. The institutions in this study excluded Black students by not providing the…