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Download full textRaffeld, Paul; Reynolds, William M. – 1977
The pretest-posttest design referred to as Design 2 by Campbell and Stanley (1963) is commonly used in educational research and evaluation. The tenability of the assumption of a zero population difference commonly used with this design is questioned. A nonzero population estimate based on the mean difference observed in test-retest reliability…
Descriptors: Control Groups, Correlation, Experimental Groups, Hypothesis Testing
Fitz-Gibbon, Carol Taylor; Morris, Lynn Lyons – 1978
The evaluation design, which prescribes when and from whom to gather data, is described as significant because it can lend credibility to evaluation results. The objectives of this booklet are to aid the evaluator in: choosing a design; putting it into operation; and analyzing and reporting the data. Examples include both formative and summative…
Descriptors: Analysis of Variance, Control Groups, Educational Research, Evaluation Methods
Schutz, Robert W. – 1977
The measurement of change is such a broad topic that this article must limit its focus to a few specific subtopics. These specific topics include: longitudinal research design, attrition in research studies, the statistical analysis of difference scores, and the comparison of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance…
Descriptors: Achievement Gains, Analysis of Variance, Attrition (Research Studies), Behavior Change
