Theories of animal and human society based on sex and reproduction have been powerful in legitimating beliefs in the natural necessity of aggression, competition, and hierarchy. Feminists attempting to answer this bias are caught in a political-scientific struggle to formulate and articulate adequate biosocial theories. (Author/KR)

Justification of male dominance in society has been based frequently on findings in biobehavioral sciences, especially the science of animal groups. The natural and social sciences must be remade and forged in a dialectical understanding of social relations that is not based on domination. (Author/KR)