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Download full textMark Bray; Anas Hajar – ECNU Review of Education, 2024
Purpose: Private supplementary tutoring - widely known as shadow education because of the ways in which it mimics regular schooling - is increasingly visible across the globe. The Middle East is no exception, though the phenomenon has received relatively little attention in the English-language literature. This article maps some key features of…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Tutoring, English Literature, Public Policy
Direct linkMehmet Karakus; Alisher Tlessov; Anas Hajar; Matthew Courtney – Large-scale Assessments in Education, 2024
Recent decades have witnessed a global expansion of private supplementary tutoring, known as shadow education--additional support in academic subjects that takes place outside of regular school hours. Using the data of 55 countries from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022, this study examines the association between…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Secondary School Students, Private Education, Tutoring
Syed Abdul Manan; Anas Hajar – Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 2025
Most recent research on language learning and identity emphasizes on investing learners' capital as affordance to affirm their identities (Darvin & Norton, 2015; Norton, 2013). Learners' capital refers to prior knowledge, home literacies/native languages. Drawing on data from English language academies from Pakistan, this study finds a…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction
